3.14.66 \(\int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx\) [1366]

3.14.66.1 Optimal result
3.14.66.2 Mathematica [C] (warning: unable to verify)
3.14.66.3 Rubi [A] (verified)
3.14.66.4 Maple [C] (verified)
3.14.66.5 Fricas [F(-1)]
3.14.66.6 Sympy [F]
3.14.66.7 Maxima [F(-1)]
3.14.66.8 Giac [F]
3.14.66.9 Mupad [F(-1)]

3.14.66.1 Optimal result

Integrand size = 45, antiderivative size = 311 \[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\frac {2 A \sqrt {\frac {b+a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \sqrt {\frac {b+a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{b d \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}{a b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d \sqrt {\frac {b+a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}}}-\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sin (c+d x)}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) d \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}} \]

output
-2*(A*b^2-a*(B*b-C*a))*sin(d*x+c)/b/(a^2-b^2)/d/cos(d*x+c)^(1/2)/(a+b*sec( 
d*x+c))^(1/2)+2*A*(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*Elliptic 
F(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2)*(a/(a+b))^(1/2))*((b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(a+b))^(1/ 
2)/a/d/cos(d*x+c)^(1/2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2)+2*C*(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^ 
(1/2)/cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*EllipticPi(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2,2^(1/2)*(a/(a+b)) 
^(1/2))*((b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(a+b))^(1/2)/b/d/cos(d*x+c)^(1/2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c 
))^(1/2)+2*(A*b^2-a*(B*b-C*a))*(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/cos(1/2*d*x+1/ 
2*c)*EllipticE(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2)*(a/(a+b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)^(1/2 
)*(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2)/a/b/(a^2-b^2)/d/((b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(a+b))^(1/2)
 
3.14.66.2 Mathematica [C] (warning: unable to verify)

Result contains complex when optimal does not.

Time = 39.47 (sec) , antiderivative size = 152543, normalized size of antiderivative = 490.49 \[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\text {Result too large to show} \]

input
Integrate[(A + B*Sec[c + d*x] + C*Sec[c + d*x]^2)/(Sqrt[Cos[c + d*x]]*(a + 
 b*Sec[c + d*x])^(3/2)),x]
 
output
Result too large to show
 
3.14.66.3 Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 3.40 (sec) , antiderivative size = 350, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.13, number of steps used = 25, number of rules used = 25, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.556, Rules used = {3042, 4753, 3042, 4586, 27, 3042, 4596, 3042, 4346, 3042, 3286, 3042, 3284, 4523, 3042, 4343, 3042, 3134, 3042, 3132, 4345, 3042, 3142, 3042, 3140}

Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.

\(\displaystyle \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec (c+d x)^2}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}}dx\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4753

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \int \frac {\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (C \sec ^2(c+d x)+B \sec (c+d x)+A\right )}{(a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}}dx\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \left (C \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2+B \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )+A\right )}{\left (a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )\right )^{3/2}}dx\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4586

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (-\frac {2 \int -\frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \sec (c+d x) b+\left (a^2-b^2\right ) C \sec ^2(c+d x)-a (b B-a C)}{2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 27

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \sec (c+d x) b+\left (a^2-b^2\right ) C \sec ^2(c+d x)-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b+\left (a^2-b^2\right ) C \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^2-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4596

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sec ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x)}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}dx+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \sec (c+d x) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )^{3/2}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4346

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b} \int \frac {\sec (c+d x)}{\sqrt {b+a \cos (c+d x)}}dx}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b} \int \frac {1}{\sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) \sqrt {b+a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3286

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \int \frac {\sec (c+d x)}{\sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}}}dx}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \int \frac {1}{\sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}{a+b}}}dx}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3284

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\int \frac {A b^2-(b B-a (A+C)) \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right ) b-a (b B-a C)}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )} \sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4523

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}dx}{a}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4343

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} \int \sqrt {b+a \cos (c+d x)}dx}{a \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} \int \sqrt {b+a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}dx}{a \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3134

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} \int \sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}}dx}{a \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {\left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} \int \sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}{a+b}}dx}{a \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3132

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \int \frac {\sqrt {\csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}{\sqrt {a+b \csc \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 4345

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {b+a \cos (c+d x)}}dx}{a \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {a \cos (c+d x)+b} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {b+a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}}dx}{a \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3142

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \cos (c+d x)}{a+b}}}dx}{a \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3042

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\frac {b}{a+b}+\frac {a \sin \left (c+d x+\frac {\pi }{2}\right )}{a+b}}}dx}{a \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

\(\Big \downarrow \) 3140

\(\displaystyle \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (\frac {\frac {2 A b \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 C \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}} \operatorname {EllipticPi}\left (2,\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{d \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac {2 \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)} E\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)|\frac {2 a}{a+b}\right )}{a d \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sqrt {\frac {a \cos (c+d x)+b}{a+b}}}}{b \left (a^2-b^2\right )}-\frac {2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \left (A b^2-a (b B-a C)\right )}{b d \left (a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {a+b \sec (c+d x)}}\right )\)

input
Int[(A + B*Sec[c + d*x] + C*Sec[c + d*x]^2)/(Sqrt[Cos[c + d*x]]*(a + b*Sec 
[c + d*x])^(3/2)),x]
 
output
Sqrt[Cos[c + d*x]]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]]*(((2*A*b*(a^2 - b^2)*Sqrt[(b + a*Cos 
[c + d*x])/(a + b)]*EllipticF[(c + d*x)/2, (2*a)/(a + b)]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x 
]])/(a*d*Sqrt[a + b*Sec[c + d*x]]) + (2*(a^2 - b^2)*C*Sqrt[(b + a*Cos[c + 
d*x])/(a + b)]*EllipticPi[2, (c + d*x)/2, (2*a)/(a + b)]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x] 
])/(d*Sqrt[a + b*Sec[c + d*x]]) + (2*(A*b^2 - a*(b*B - a*C))*EllipticE[(c 
+ d*x)/2, (2*a)/(a + b)]*Sqrt[a + b*Sec[c + d*x]])/(a*d*Sqrt[(b + a*Cos[c 
+ d*x])/(a + b)]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]]))/(b*(a^2 - b^2)) - (2*(A*b^2 - a*(b*B 
 - a*C))*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]]*Sin[c + d*x])/(b*(a^2 - b^2)*d*Sqrt[a + b*Sec[ 
c + d*x]]))
 

3.14.66.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used

rule 27
Int[(a_)*(Fx_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[a   Int[Fx, x], x] /; FreeQ[a, x] &&  !Ma 
tchQ[Fx, (b_)*(Gx_) /; FreeQ[b, x]]
 

rule 3042
Int[u_, x_Symbol] :> Int[DeactivateTrig[u, x], x] /; FunctionOfTrigOfLinear 
Q[u, x]
 

rule 3132
Int[Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[2*(Sqrt[a 
 + b]/d)*EllipticE[(1/2)*(c - Pi/2 + d*x), 2*(b/(a + b))], x] /; FreeQ[{a, 
b, c, d}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && GtQ[a + b, 0]
 

rule 3134
Int[Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[Sqrt[a + 
b*Sin[c + d*x]]/Sqrt[(a + b*Sin[c + d*x])/(a + b)]   Int[Sqrt[a/(a + b) + ( 
b/(a + b))*Sin[c + d*x]], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2 
, 0] &&  !GtQ[a + b, 0]
 

rule 3140
Int[1/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[(2/(d*S 
qrt[a + b]))*EllipticF[(1/2)*(c - Pi/2 + d*x), 2*(b/(a + b))], x] /; FreeQ[ 
{a, b, c, d}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && GtQ[a + b, 0]
 

rule 3142
Int[1/Sqrt[(a_) + (b_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[Sqrt[(a 
 + b*Sin[c + d*x])/(a + b)]/Sqrt[a + b*Sin[c + d*x]]   Int[1/Sqrt[a/(a + b) 
 + (b/(a + b))*Sin[c + d*x]], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - 
 b^2, 0] &&  !GtQ[a + b, 0]
 

rule 3284
Int[1/(((a_.) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])*Sqrt[(c_.) + (d_.)*sin[(e_.) 
 + (f_.)*(x_)]]), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(2/(f*(a + b)*Sqrt[c + d]))*EllipticPi[ 
2*(b/(a + b)), (1/2)*(e - Pi/2 + f*x), 2*(d/(c + d))], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c 
, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && NeQ[c^2 - d^2, 
0] && GtQ[c + d, 0]
 

rule 3286
Int[1/(((a_.) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)])*Sqrt[(c_.) + (d_.)*sin[(e_.) 
 + (f_.)*(x_)]]), x_Symbol] :> Simp[Sqrt[(c + d*Sin[e + f*x])/(c + d)]/Sqrt 
[c + d*Sin[e + f*x]]   Int[1/((a + b*Sin[e + f*x])*Sqrt[c/(c + d) + (d/(c + 
 d))*Sin[e + f*x]]), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a* 
d, 0] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && NeQ[c^2 - d^2, 0] &&  !GtQ[c + d, 0]
 

rule 4343
Int[Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_)]/Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)] 
*(d_.)], x_Symbol] :> Simp[Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]]/(Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]]*S 
qrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x]])   Int[Sqrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x]], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a 
, b, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]
 

rule 4345
Int[Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.)]/Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) 
+ (a_)], x_Symbol] :> Simp[Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]]*(Sqrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x]]/S 
qrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]])   Int[1/Sqrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x]], x], x] /; FreeQ[ 
{a, b, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]
 

rule 4346
Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.))^(3/2)/Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_. 
) + (a_)], x_Symbol] :> Simp[d*Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]]*(Sqrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x 
]]/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]])   Int[1/(Sin[e + f*x]*Sqrt[b + a*Sin[e + f*x]] 
), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]
 

rule 4523
Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(B_.) + (A_))/(Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d 
_.)]*Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_)]), x_Symbol] :> Simp[A/a   I 
nt[Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]]/Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]], x], x] - Simp[(A*b - a*B) 
/(a*d)   Int[Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]]/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]], x], x] /; FreeQ 
[{a, b, d, e, f, A, B}, x] && NeQ[A*b - a*B, 0] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]
 

rule 4586
Int[((A_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(B_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2*(C_. 
))*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.))^(n_)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a 
_))^(m_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-d)*(A*b^2 - a*b*B + a^2*C)*Cot[e + f*x]*(a + 
b*Csc[e + f*x])^(m + 1)*((d*Csc[e + f*x])^(n - 1)/(b*f*(a^2 - b^2)*(m + 1)) 
), x] + Simp[d/(b*(a^2 - b^2)*(m + 1))   Int[(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^(m + 1)*( 
d*Csc[e + f*x])^(n - 1)*Simp[A*b^2*(n - 1) - a*(b*B - a*C)*(n - 1) + b*(a*A 
 - b*B + a*C)*(m + 1)*Csc[e + f*x] - (b*(A*b - a*B)*(m + n + 1) + C*(a^2*n 
+ b^2*(m + 1)))*Csc[e + f*x]^2, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f, A, B, C 
}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && LtQ[m, -1] && GtQ[n, 0]
 

rule 4596
Int[((A_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(B_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2*(C_. 
))/(Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.)]*Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) 
+ (a_)]), x_Symbol] :> Simp[C/d^2   Int[(d*Csc[e + f*x])^(3/2)/Sqrt[a + b*C 
sc[e + f*x]], x], x] + Int[(A + B*Csc[e + f*x])/(Sqrt[d*Csc[e + f*x]]*Sqrt[ 
a + b*Csc[e + f*x]]), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f, A, B, C}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - 
 b^2, 0]
 

rule 4753
Int[(cos[(a_.) + (b_.)*(x_)]*(c_.))^(m_.)*(u_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(c*Cos[a 
+ b*x])^m*(c*Sec[a + b*x])^m   Int[ActivateTrig[u]/(c*Sec[a + b*x])^m, x], 
x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, m}, x] &&  !IntegerQ[m] && KnownSecantIntegrandQ[u, x 
]
 
3.14.66.4 Maple [C] (verified)

Result contains complex when optimal does not.

Time = 5.90 (sec) , antiderivative size = 1685, normalized size of antiderivative = 5.42

method result size
default \(\text {Expression too large to display}\) \(1685\)

input
int((A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(3/2)/cos(d*x+c)^(1/2 
),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)
 
output
-2/d*(A*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*Ellipti 
cF(((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*a*b+A 
*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*EllipticE(((a- 
b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*b^2+A*((a-b) 
/(a+b))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)*b^2*(1/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)+B*EllipticF(((a-b)/( 
a+b))^(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a 
+b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*a*b-B*EllipticE(((a-b)/(a+b))^( 
1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+b)*(b+ 
a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*a*b-B*((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)*a 
*b*(1/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)+2*C*(1/(a+b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^ 
(1/2)*EllipticPi(((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(a+b)/(a-b),I 
/((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2))*a^2*cos(d*x+c)+2*C*EllipticPi(((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*(c 
ot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(a+b)/(a-b),I/((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+ 
b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*a*b-2*C*EllipticF(((a-b)/(a+b))^ 
(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+b)*(b 
+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*a^2-C*EllipticF(((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*( 
cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a-b))^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)*(1/(a+b)*(b+a*cos( 
d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c)))^(1/2)*a*b+C*(1/(a+b)*(b+a*cos(d*x+c))/(1+cos(d*x+c 
)))^(1/2)*EllipticE(((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*(cot(d*x+c)-csc(d*x+c)),(-(a+b)/(a 
-b))^(1/2))*a^2*cos(d*x+c)+C*((a-b)/(a+b))^(1/2)*a^2*(1/(1+cos(d*x+c)))...
 
3.14.66.5 Fricas [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]

input
integrate((A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(3/2)/cos(d*x+c 
)^(1/2),x, algorithm="fricas")
 
output
Timed out
 
3.14.66.6 Sympy [F]

\[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\int \frac {A + B \sec {\left (c + d x \right )} + C \sec ^{2}{\left (c + d x \right )}}{\left (a + b \sec {\left (c + d x \right )}\right )^{\frac {3}{2}} \sqrt {\cos {\left (c + d x \right )}}}\, dx \]

input
integrate((A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)**2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))**(3/2)/cos(d*x 
+c)**(1/2),x)
 
output
Integral((A + B*sec(c + d*x) + C*sec(c + d*x)**2)/((a + b*sec(c + d*x))**( 
3/2)*sqrt(cos(c + d*x))), x)
 
3.14.66.7 Maxima [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]

input
integrate((A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(3/2)/cos(d*x+c 
)^(1/2),x, algorithm="maxima")
 
output
Timed out
 
3.14.66.8 Giac [F]

\[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\int { \frac {C \sec \left (d x + c\right )^{2} + B \sec \left (d x + c\right ) + A}{{\left (b \sec \left (d x + c\right ) + a\right )}^{\frac {3}{2}} \sqrt {\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \,d x } \]

input
integrate((A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+b*sec(d*x+c))^(3/2)/cos(d*x+c 
)^(1/2),x, algorithm="giac")
 
output
integrate((C*sec(d*x + c)^2 + B*sec(d*x + c) + A)/((b*sec(d*x + c) + a)^(3 
/2)*sqrt(cos(d*x + c))), x)
 
3.14.66.9 Mupad [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int \frac {A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} (a+b \sec (c+d x))^{3/2}} \, dx=\int \frac {A+\frac {B}{\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}+\frac {C}{{\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}^2}}{\sqrt {\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}\,{\left (a+\frac {b}{\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}\right )}^{3/2}} \,d x \]

input
int((A + B/cos(c + d*x) + C/cos(c + d*x)^2)/(cos(c + d*x)^(1/2)*(a + b/cos 
(c + d*x))^(3/2)),x)
 
output
int((A + B/cos(c + d*x) + C/cos(c + d*x)^2)/(cos(c + d*x)^(1/2)*(a + b/cos 
(c + d*x))^(3/2)), x)